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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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β-Lactam Biotransformations Activate Innate Immunity.

Joonseok Oh1,2, Jaymin Patel2,3, Hyun Bong Park1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|April 5, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Certain antibiotics, like amoxicillin, can be transformed by gut bacteria into immune-stimulating compounds. This suggests a new way antibiotics impact immunity beyond their direct effects or altering microbiota composition.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antibiotics are crucial for bacterial infections but can modulate immune responses.
  • Current models suggest direct drug effects or microbiota alterations mediate immunomodulation.
  • The precise mechanisms of antibiotic-induced immunomodulation remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a potential third model of antibiotic immunomodulation.
  • To explore if microbiota biotransformation of antibiotics yields immune-active products.
  • To characterize novel biotransformation products of amoxicillin and ampicillin.

Main Methods:

  • Identified and characterized biotransformation products of amoxicillin and ampicillin.
  • Utilized bacterial cultures containing β-lactamase to generate metabolites.
  • Assessed innate immune activation via NF-κB signaling in human leukemic monocytes.

Main Results:

  • Discovered new biotransformation products from amoxicillin and ampicillin.
  • Identified these products in bacterial cultures with β-lactamase.
  • One amoxicillin metabolite activated innate immunity (NF-κB signaling), while amoxicillin itself did not.
  • Amoxicillin showed minimal long-term microbiota impact in prior studies.

Conclusions:

  • Antibiotics can be biotransformed by microbiota into immune-stimulating compounds.
  • This represents a novel, microbiome-dependent mechanism of antibiotic immunomodulation.
  • These findings expand our understanding of drug-host-microbiota interactions.