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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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Subjective value representations during effort, probability and time discounting across adulthood.

Kendra L Seaman1, Nickolas Brooks2, Teresa M Karrer2

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Summary

Human decision-making involves weighing rewards against effort, probability, and time. Despite different behavioral preferences for these factors, the brain represents subjective value similarly across adulthood.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Human decisions integrate potential rewards with factors like effort, probability, and time delays.
  • Understanding how the brain processes these decision features is crucial for cognitive science.
  • Previous research has explored these factors individually, but their interplay in subjective value representation is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the overlap and dissociation of behavioral preferences and neural representations of subjective value.
  • To examine how physical effort, probability, and time delays influence decision-making and neural activity.
  • To explore potential age-related differences in subjective value processing across the adult lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) was used to monitor brain activity in 75 healthy adults.
  • Participants made incentive-compatible choices involving trade-offs between monetary rewards and varying levels of effort, probability, or time delay.
  • Behavioral preferences were derived from choices, and subjective values were calculated using hyperbolic discount functions.

Main Results:

  • Discount rates, reflecting behavioral preferences, were uncorrelated across the three decision features, indicating behavioral dissociation.
  • Despite behavioral differences, overlapping neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex was observed across all three tasks, suggesting a common subjective value representation.
  • No consistent age differences were found in either behavioral preferences or neural representations of subjective value.

Conclusions:

  • Tolerance for decision features like effort, probability, and time delays is behaviorally dissociable.
  • Subjective value signals, however, appear to share a common neural representation in the medial prefrontal cortex.
  • This common neural representation of subjective value is maintained across the adult lifespan.