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Marital Dissolution and Major Depression in Midlife: A Propensity Score Analysis.

David A Sbarra1, Robert E Emery2, Christopher R Beam2

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Marital dissolution increases depression risk only for adults already experiencing depression. Separation/divorce does not cause major depressive disorder in initially non-depressed adults, indicating complex causality.

Keywords:
Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS)divorcemajor depressionmarital separationmarital statusprospective studies

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Mental Health Research

Background:

  • Marital dissolution is often linked to adult depression.
  • Causality is debated due to directionality and third variable issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between marital dissolution and depression.
  • To differentiate between social selection and social causation in major depressive disorder (MDE) risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized propensity score matching on the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) dataset.
  • Identified a sub-sample of continuously married participants with similar divorce risk to separated/divorced participants.
  • Analyzed depression rates at two assessment waves, controlling for divorce propensity.

Main Results:

  • Increased depression rates post-separation/divorce were observed only in individuals with pre-existing depression.
  • Separation/divorce did not elevate MDE risk for individuals not depressed at baseline.
  • Findings suggest both social selection and social causation contribute to MDE risk in separated/divorced adults.

Conclusions:

  • Marital dissolution's impact on depression is conditional on prior mental health status.
  • Both pre-existing depression (social selection) and the experience of separation/divorce (social causation) are crucial factors for MDE risk.