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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Magnetic Sponge with Neutral-Ionic Phase Transitions.

Wataru Kosaka1,2, Yusuke Takahashi2, Masaki Nishio3

  • 1Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|April 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a novel method to control the transition temperature of neutral-ionic (N-I) phase transitions in coordination polymers by incorporating guest molecules. Adjusting the amount of guest molecules reversibly tunes the N-I transition temperature, offering new possibilities for material property control.

Keywords:
chain structuresdonor–acceptor systemshost–guest chemistrymagnetic propertiesneutral–ionic phase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Coordination Polymers

Background:

  • Neutral-ionic (N-I) phase transitions enable switching of material properties like charge distribution and magnetism.
  • Controlling the transition temperature (Tc) of N-I transitions is challenging, typically requiring chemical modification of the base material.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a design strategy for tuning N-I phase transition temperatures using interstitial guest molecules.
  • To report a new coordination polymer exhibiting a tunable N-I phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel chain coordination-polymer: [Ru2(3,4-Cl2PhCO2)4TCNQ(EtO)2]∙DCE.
  • Investigated the effect of guest molecule (1,2-dichloroethane, DCE) content on the N-I transition temperature (Tc).
  • Characterized the magnetic properties of the high-temperature (paramagnetic) and low-temperature (ferrimagnetic) phases.

Main Results:

  • The compound 1-DCE exhibits a one-step N-I transition at 230 K.
  • The transition temperature (Tc) was continuously decreased by reducing the DCE content.
  • Complete removal of DCE resulted in a solvent-free compound (1) that remained in the N-state across all temperatures, with reversible behavior upon DCE reintroduction.

Conclusions:

  • Interstitial guest molecules can effectively tune the in situ Tc of N-I phase transitions in coordination polymers.
  • This approach offers a reversible and non-destructive method for controlling material properties via N-I phase transitions.
  • The findings open new avenues for designing switchable materials based on guest-host interactions.