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Related Concept Videos

The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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Oscillations In An LC Circuit01:30

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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
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Forced Oscillations01:06

Forced Oscillations

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When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
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Damped Oscillations01:07

Damped Oscillations

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In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
Although friction and other non-conservative...
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Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities01:19

Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities

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An oscillating discontinuity is a type of discontinuity in which a function’s values fluctuate infinitely often as the input approaches a particular point. Unlike jump discontinuities, where the function suddenly shifts between two values, or infinite discontinuities, where the function diverges without bound, an oscillating discontinuity arises from rapid back-and-forth variation. Because the function never stabilizes toward a single value, no finite limit exists at that point.One of the...
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Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position01:04

Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position

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Stability is an important concept in oscillation. If an equilibrium point is stable, a slight disturbance of an object that is initially at the stable equilibrium point will cause the object to oscillate around that point. For an unstable equilibrium point, if the object is disturbed slightly, it will not return to the equilibrium point. There are three conditions for equilibrium points—stable, unstable, and half-stable. A half-stable equilibrium point is also unstable, but is named so...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts
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Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

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A robust and tunable mitotic oscillator in artificial cells.

Ye Guan1,2, Zhengda Li1,3, Shiyuan Wang1

  • 1Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.

Elife
|April 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created artificial cells using Xenopus egg extracts to study cell cycle dynamics at the single-cell level. This new method enables analysis of complex biological clocks and reveals energy

Keywords:
Cell-free extractsartifical mitotic cellsbiochemistrychemical biologycomputational biologymicrofluidicsmitotic cyclessingle-cell analysissystems biologytunabilityxenopus

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

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Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts
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Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Single-cell analysis is crucial for understanding biological heterogeneity and dynamics that bulk methods cannot capture.
  • Conventional in vitro cell-free systems lack single-cell resolution, limiting the study of out-of-steady-state cellular processes like cell cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel artificial cell system that integrates single-cell analysis capabilities with in vitro biochemical systems.
  • To investigate complex cell cycle dynamics, including mitotic oscillations, tunability, and stochasticity, at the single-cell level.
  • To explore the role of energy as a regulator in cell cycle processes.

Main Methods:

  • Encapsulation of Xenopus egg extracts within water-in-oil microemulsions to create artificial cells.
  • Adjustment of artificial cell size and oscillation period.
  • Development of artificial cells ranging from simple cytoplasmic to complex nuclear-containing systems.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created tunable artificial cells capable of sustaining mitotic oscillations for over 30 cycles.
  • Demonstrated the ability to mimic real cellular functions, including nuclear dynamics.
  • Highlighted energy as a significant regulator of cell cycle progression within these artificial systems.

Conclusions:

  • The developed artificial cell system provides a powerful and generalizable platform for single-cell analysis of complex biological clocks.
  • This approach bridges the gap between in vitro systems and single-cell studies, offering new insights into cell cycle regulation.
  • The findings underscore the importance of energy in controlling cell cycle dynamics.