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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

Published on: May 21, 2018

Caspase-2 associates with FAN through direct interaction and overlapping functionality.

Jeremy Forsberg¹, Xinge Li¹, Aleksey V Zamaraev²

¹Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

|April 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a direct interaction between caspase-2 and the factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN). This finding reveals new roles for caspase-2 in non-apoptotic cellular functions like IL-6 release and cell migration.

Keywords:

Caspase-2 Cell migration Ceramide specie FAN Lysozyme

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Published on: July 25, 2022

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Caspase-2 is involved in various cellular processes.
Identifying interacting factors of caspase-2 is crucial for understanding its functions.
Factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN) is linked to ceramide production, cell migration, IL-6 release, and vesicular homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify novel interacting partners of caspase-2.
To investigate the functional implications of caspase-2 interaction with FAN.
To explore caspase-2's role in non-apoptotic cellular mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Yeast two-hybrid screening to identify protein-protein interactions.
Co-immunoprecipitation to confirm direct interaction between caspase-2 and FAN.
Stable suppression of caspase-2 expression in HEK293T and HeLa cells.
Lipidomics analysis to assess ceramide production.
Assays to evaluate IL-6 release, cell migration, and vesicular homeostasis.

Main Results:

A direct interaction between caspase-2 and FAN was confirmed.
Caspase-2 was not involved in ceramide species generation.
Caspase-2 suppression led to deregulation of IL-6 release.
Caspase-2 suppression affected vesicular size and delayed cell relocation.
These findings support an association between caspase-2 and FAN in cellular processes.

Conclusions:

FAN is a novel interacting factor of caspase-2.
Caspase-2 plays a role in non-apoptotic cellular functions, including IL-6 regulation, vesicular homeostasis, and cell migration.
This study expands the known functions of caspase-2 beyond apoptosis.