Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Published on: May 16, 2025
Salivary biomarkers of inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus
Iulia-Ioana Stanescu1, Bogdan Calenic1, Alina Dima1
1Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
Abstract:
Saliva is currently used as a reliable diagnostic fluid in a wide range of local and systemic diseases. However, the link between salivary diagnosis and the inflammatory process in autoimmune diseases has not yet been explored. The aim of our study is to assess possible correlations between salivary inflammatory markers and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients fulfilling the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) diagnosis criteria were included. Salivary and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were determined using stochastic sensors. Serum leptin and IL-6 had significantly higher levels in SLE patients compared to non-SLE. Also, salivary IL-6 levels highly correlated with the serum IL-6 levels. A positive correlation was found between salivary and serum levels of IL-6, signaling salivary IL-6 as a reliable marker for assessing the inflammation process in SLE.
Related Concept Videos
Inflammation
Salivary Glands and Saliva
Second Order systems II
First Order Systems
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
Second Order systems I
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
Thermodynamic Systems
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...

