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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Systematic Sampling Method

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision

Published on: June 3, 2022

Total penile reconstruction: A systematic review.

A Yao¹, M J Ingargiola¹, C D Lopez¹

¹Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS

|April 7, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights advanced microsurgical techniques for total penile reconstruction. The radial forearm free flap is preferred, but patient-specific approaches are crucial due to potential complications.

Keywords:

Gender affirmation surgery Gender dysphoria Penile surgery Phalloplasty Surgical flaps Total penile reconstruction

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A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Microsurgery
Urology

Background:

Phalloplasty presents unique surgical challenges.
Microsurgical advancements have expanded available techniques for penile reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review clinical studies on total penile reconstruction.
To identify preferred techniques and discuss associated complications.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of MEDLINE and Cochrane databases.
Search terms included 'phallus', 'penis', 'penile', 'reconstruction', 'phalloplasty', and 'transplant'.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria applied to 1400 retrieved articles, selecting 30 studies.

Main Results:

The radial forearm free flap is the preferred technique for total phalloplasty.
Other described techniques include fibular osteocutaneous, anterolateral thigh, latissimus dorsi, scapular free, and abdominal flaps.
Study also covers background, indications, and preoperative/postoperative care.

Conclusions:

Total penile reconstruction offers significant functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial benefits.
While the radial forearm free flap is considered a gold standard, individualized patient approaches are necessary.
Potential complications of phalloplasty necessitate careful consideration for each patient.