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The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
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The cell biology of systemic insulin function.

Victoria L Tokarz1,2, Patrick E MacDonald3, Amira Klip4,2,5

  • 1Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|April 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This review details insulin's journey through the body, from pancreatic synthesis to renal degradation. Understanding insulin's cell biology at each stage is key to metabolic health and preventing diabetes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Insulin is a critical anabolic hormone regulating energy deposition.
  • Its biological journey involves complex intracellular mechanisms across multiple organs.
  • Dysregulation of insulin action is central to diabetes pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the five key stages of insulin's journey through the body.
  • To elucidate the cell biology underlying insulin's interaction with each organ.
  • To highlight the importance of cellular insulin discernment in physiological function and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on insulin biosynthesis, transport, action, and degradation.
  • Focus on the cell biology and intracellular mechanisms at each stage of insulin's journey.
  • Analysis of insulin's interaction with pancreatic beta-cells, liver, vasculature, muscle, adipose tissue, and kidneys.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of insulin biosynthesis and export from pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Description of hepatic first-pass metabolism and clearance, linked to secretion patterns.
  • Elaboration on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue via intricate signaling and vesicle transport.
  • Discussion of insulin's renal degradation as the termination mechanism of its action.

Conclusions:

  • The journey of insulin involves highly regulated cellular processes across distinct organs.
  • Understanding the cell biology of insulin at each stage is crucial for comprehending its physiological roles.
  • Defects in cellular recognition or response to insulin contribute significantly to the development of diabetes.