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Electron Carriers

Electron Carriers

Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...

Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...

Electron Transport Chains

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...

Electron Orbital Model

Electron Orbital Model

Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

A difference amplifier, a crucial component in numerous electronic devices, ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal, which is the difference between two input signals. However, in practical circuits, the output voltage depends on both the differential gain and the common-mode gain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

Electronic cigarettes in physician practice.

Colin P Mendelsohn¹

¹School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Internal Medicine Journal

|April 7, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic cigarettes show effectiveness as a smoking cessation aid, offering a less harmful alternative to tobacco. Daily use of nicotine e-cigarettes is recommended for highest success rates in quitting smoking.

Keywords:

e-cigarettes electronic cigarettes harm reduction nicotine dependence smoking cessation

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A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

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Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies

Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies

Published on: August 25, 2018

Area of Science:

Public Health
Tobacco Control
Addiction Medicine

Background:

Growing evidence supports e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool.
E-cigarettes are considered substantially less harmful than combustible tobacco products.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the role of e-cigarettes in tobacco harm reduction.
To provide guidance for smokers unable or unwilling to quit using conventional methods.

Main Methods:

Review of empirical evidence and real-world data on e-cigarette use.
Analysis of factors influencing smoking cessation success rates with e-cigarettes.

Main Results:

E-cigarettes are a legitimate tobacco harm reduction tool.
Highest success rates are associated with daily use of nicotine e-liquids and modern e-cigarette devices.
Long-term e-cigarette use is safer than smoking relapse.

Conclusions:

E-cigarettes can be effectively used as a harm reduction strategy for smokers.
While ultimate cessation of vaping is preferable, it is safer than returning to smoking.
Further research is ongoing, but current evidence supports e-cigarettes' role in smoking cessation.