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Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction Scanning: Possibilities for Quantitative and Depth-Selective Parchment Analysis.

Frederik Vanmeert1, Wout De Nolf1, Joris Dik2

  • 1AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium.

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|April 7, 2018
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Summary

Macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping reveals detailed chemical compositions and stratigraphic information in artworks. This noninvasive technique provides new insights into artistic techniques and conservation history.

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Area of Science:

  • Art Conservation Science
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Valuable information about artworks' history, technique, and preservation lies beneath the surface.
  • Noninvasive techniques are crucial for analyzing cultural heritage objects without causing damage.
  • Macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping has emerged as a powerful tool for large-scale chemical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the synergy between quantitative powder diffraction and MA-XRPD scanning.
  • To highlight the potential of MA-XRPD for revealing novel information about painted works of art.
  • To explore the depth-selective capabilities of MA-XRPD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping with laboratory X-ray sources.
  • Applied quantitative analysis to diffraction data from a 15th/16th century illuminated parchment.
  • Exploited shifts in measured diffraction peaks for depth-selective analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct lead white pigment compositions (hydrocerussite-cerussite) in specific pictorial areas.
  • Quantified impurities in azurite pigment, revealing two types: one with barite, another with quartz.
  • Demonstrated depth-selective analysis, yielding promising stratigraphic information.

Conclusions:

  • MA-XRPD mapping offers a powerful, noninvasive method for detailed chemical and stratigraphic analysis of artworks.
  • The technique provides new insights into pigment composition, distribution, and layering.
  • Further research into variations in unit cell dimensions is needed to fully optimize stratigraphic analysis.