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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Overview of Pulmonary Circulation01:19

Overview of Pulmonary Circulation

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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
The process begins with the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk. This large vessel extends about 5 centimeters before splitting into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These arteries...
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

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Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
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Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
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Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

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Pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Paolo Spagnolo1, Giulio Rossi2, Rocco Trisolini3

  • 1Section of Respiratory Diseases Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
|April 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sarcoidosis is a complex granulomatous disease affecting multiple organs, often the lungs. Management is challenging due to unpredictable progression and limited effective therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology with variable prevalence worldwide.
  • It predominantly affects the lungs but can impact any organ, presenting unpredictable clinical courses.
  • Pulmonary sarcoidosis severity ranges from asymptomatic radiographic findings to treatment-refractory progressive disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical management of sarcoidosis.
  • To highlight challenges in predicting disease course and treatment response.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies and their limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sarcoidosis epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management.
  • Analysis of established predictors for poor outcomes in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
  • Evaluation of first-line and alternative systemic therapies, including corticosteroids and antimetabolites.

Main Results:

  • Mortality from sarcoidosis has increased, with respiratory failure as a leading cause.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis, extensive CT findings, impaired lung function, and pulmonary hypertension predict poor outcomes.
  • Corticosteroids are first-line, with antimetabolites as alternatives, but corticosteroid toxicity is dose and duration-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Sarcoidosis management is difficult due to unpredictable disease progression and lack of reliable predictive markers.
  • Effective therapies are scarce, and corticosteroid treatment carries significant toxicity risks.
  • Further research is needed for novel therapeutic targets and improved patient outcome prediction.