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On the Flexibility of Basic Risk Attitudes in Monkeys.

Shiva Farashahi1, Habiba Azab2, Benjamin Hayden3

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Primate risk attitudes are flexible, not fixed traits. Monkeys showed varied risk-seeking behaviors across tasks, challenging the idea of shared evolved risk preferences with humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Primate Cognition

Background:

  • Prospect theory predicts consistent risk attitudes (inverse-S-shaped probability weighting, steeper loss aversion) in humans and animals.
  • Previous studies suggested these risk preferences are stable traits with common neural underpinnings.
  • The limited scope of prior research on outcomes, trial types, and contexts may have influenced these conclusions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether animal risk attitudes are flexible and context-dependent, rather than fixed traits.
  • To examine macaque risky choices across diverse tasks and outcomes to gain a broader perspective.
  • To challenge the notion of universally shared, evolved risk preferences between primates and humans.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two large datasets detailing male macaque choices in real (juice) and token-based gain/loss tasks.
  • Development and testing of computational models to explain reward value construction and observed choice behaviors.
  • Comparison of empirical findings with predictions from prospect theory and previous research.

Main Results:

  • Monkeys exhibited risk-seeking behavior for both gains and losses, lacking the typical reflection effect.
  • Observed steeper utility curves for gains than losses (loss seeking), contrasting with loss aversion.
  • Probability weighting functions varied significantly between tasks (linear vs. S-shaped), deviating from the inverse-S-shaped prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Primate risk attitudes are constructed flexibly at the time of decision-making, not predetermined traits.
  • Behavioral flexibility, influenced by attentional and reward system interactions, is a key feature of primate risky choice.
  • Findings constrain neural models of economic choice by emphasizing context-dependent preference construction.