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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Small Intestine01:15

Small Intestine

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

Histology of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device
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Smoking and the intestinal microbiome.

Ziv Savin1, Shaye Kivity1,2,3,4, Hagith Yonath1,5

  • 1Department of Medicine A, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Archives of Microbiology
|April 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smoking significantly alters the intestinal microbiome, decreasing its diversity and changing bacterial composition. These changes may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease and other health issues.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityDysbiosisInflammatory bowel diseaseIntestinal microbiomeSmoking

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Emerging evidence links the intestinal microbiome to disease development.
  • Environmental factors, like smoking, are known to influence the gut microbiome.
  • Previous studies indicate alterations in the gut microbial composition of smokers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a literature review on the impact of smoking on the intestinal microbiome.
  • To synthesize findings on how smoking affects gut microbial composition and diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed using keywords related to intestinal microbiome and smoking.
  • Inclusion criteria: studies published between 2000 and 2016.
  • Review of observational and interventional studies.

Main Results:

  • Smoking alters intestinal microbiome composition, increasing Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla.
  • Smoking decreases Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, along with Bifidobacteria and Lactococcus genera.
  • Smoking leads to a reduction in intestinal microbiome diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking demonstrably affects the intestinal microbiome's composition and diversity.
  • Suggested mechanisms include oxidative stress, altered tight junctions, mucin composition, and acid-base balance.
  • Smoking-induced microbiome changes may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease and obesity.