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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Nuclear Imaging in Sarcoidosis.

Eve Piekarski1, Khadija Benali1, François Rouzet1

  • 1Nuclear Medicine Department and DHU FIRE, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France; Inserm UMR-S 1148, Paris, France.

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Sarcoidosis, a multisystem granulomatosis, often presents with nonspecific symptoms. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) enhances diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatosis with diverse clinical and biological manifestations.
  • Nonspecific symptoms and incidental chest radiography findings are common in sarcoidosis.
  • While often self-limiting, sarcoidosis can lead to functional impairment and affect prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of imaging in diagnosing and managing sarcoidosis.
  • To highlight the added value of nuclear imaging, particularly FDG-PET/CT, in sarcoidosis.
  • To discuss future advancements in imaging for sarcoidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and conventional imaging findings across various organ involvements in sarcoidosis.
  • Emphasis on the utility of Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in sarcoidosis management.
  • Discussion of pathological hallmarks: non-necrotizing epithelioid-cell-rich granulomas.

Main Results:

  • FDG-PET/CT offers high sensitivity for detecting inflammation, aiding in sarcoidosis diagnosis.
  • Nuclear imaging helps evaluate disease extent, assess prognosis, and monitor treatment response.
  • Conventional imaging provides organ-specific findings, complemented by nuclear imaging insights.

Conclusions:

  • FDG-PET/CT is a crucial tool in the clinical context of sarcoidosis for diagnosis, staging, and therapy monitoring.
  • Future improvements in diagnostic accuracy are anticipated with novel radiopharmaceuticals and PET/MRI integration.
  • Comprehensive imaging, combining conventional and nuclear techniques, optimizes sarcoidosis patient care.