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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Neurons: The Cell Body and the Dendrites

Neurons: The Cell Body and the Dendrites

A typical nerve cell comprises three main components: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon. The cell body, also known as the soma or perikaryon, serves as the central biosynthetic hub housing a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm containing organelles commonly found in most cells. Notably, Nissl bodies, clusters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis, are distinctive features of the neuronal cell body. As neurons age, aggregates of a brown pigment...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Published on: August 1, 2013

Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.

Nam-Chul Jung¹, Jun-Ho Lee¹, Kwang-Hoe Chung²

¹Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea; Pharos Vaccine Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13215, Republic of Korea.

Translational Oncology

|April 9, 2018

Summary

Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is limited in solid tumors due to TGF-β and regulatory T cells. Improving DC therapies or combining them with killer cells is crucial for better cancer treatment.

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Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

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Published on: August 1, 2013

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells

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Published on: August 1, 2025

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Cancer Therapy

Background:

Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy shows limited efficacy for solid tumors.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a solid tumor where DC therapy has not met expectations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the limitations of DC-based immunotherapy for solid tumors.
To identify strategies for improving immune cell-based cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on DC-based immunotherapy for solid tumors.
Analysis of mechanisms limiting DC therapy efficacy in RCC models.

Main Results:

Limited efficacy is attributed to tumor-secreted TGF-β and increased regulatory T (Treg) cells, not lack of immune induction.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses induced by DC therapy can inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis in RCC mouse models.

Conclusions:

New and improved DC immunotherapies are needed.
Combination therapies with killer cells may overcome resistance in solid tumors.