A new methodology for automatic detection of reference points in 3D cephalometry: A pilot study
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study
Published on: March 14, 2017
Mohammed Ed-Dhahraouy1, Hicham Riri1, Manal Ezzahmouly1
1Laboratory of Research in Optimization, Emerging System, Networks and Imaging(LAROSERI) Computer Department, Faculty of science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, Ben Maâchou Road, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to develop a new method for an automatic detection of reference points in 3D cephalometry to overcome the limits of 2D cephalometric analyses.
Materials And Methods:
A specific application was designed using the C++ language for automatic and manual identification of 21 (reference) points on the craniofacial structures. Our algorithm is based on the implementation of an anatomical and geometrical network adapted to the craniofacial structure. This network was constructed based on the anatomical knowledge of the 3D cephalometric (reference) points.
Results:
The proposed algorithm was tested on five CBCT images. The proposed approach for the automatic 3D cephalometric identification was able to detect 21 points with a mean error of 2.32mm.
Discussion:
In this pilot study, we propose an automated methodology for the identification of the 3D cephalometric (reference) points. A larger sample will be implemented in the future to assess the method validity and reliability.
Related Concept Videos
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior
Pilot and Numeric Relaying
Inertial Frames of Reference
Non-inertial Frames of Reference
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Response Surface Methodology
The process of RSM involves several key steps:

