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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Variation in age composition among colony sizes in Cliff Swallows.

Charles R Brown1, Erin A Roche1, Mary Bomberger Brown1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, USA.

Journal of Field Ornithology
|April 10, 2018
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Younger Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) prefer larger colonies, while older birds are more site-faithful. Ectoparasites influence this age-based sorting in group size.

Keywords:
Petrochelidon pyrrhonotaage distributionscolonialityectoparasitismgroup sizesocial behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Animal Social Behavior
  • Population Ecology

Background:

  • Group size variation is common in social species.
  • Understanding age-based sorting in groups can reveal costs and benefits of social environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate age composition in Cliff Swallow colonies of varying sizes.
  • Determine factors influencing age-based sorting in social groups.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 18 years of data from over 194,000 Cliff Swallows in Nebraska.
  • Used years since banding as a proxy for bird age.
  • Compared age composition at fumigated and non-fumigated colony sites.

Main Results:

  • Younger swallows (age-class-1) were more prevalent in larger colonies and later-forming colonies.
  • Older birds showed higher site fidelity, returning to colonies even when size decreased.
  • Age composition variation was linked to colony size and initiation date, but only at sites with ectoparasites.

Conclusions:

  • Cliff Swallow colony size variation is partly driven by age-based sorting.
  • Ectoparasites (Oeciacus vicarius) appear to influence this age-based group composition.
  • Age-specific benefits likely shape individual settlement decisions in social groups.