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Related Concept Videos

Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
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Internal auditory canal exostosis: A technical case report.

Lynn Mubita1, Michael Seidman2, Jack Rock1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Surgical Neurology International
|April 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Internal auditory canal exostoses are rare but can cause severe dizziness and hearing loss. Surgical removal of these growths offers a successful treatment with complete symptom resolution.

Keywords:
Exostosesexostosishearing lossinternal auditory canalosteomavertigo

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Internal auditory canal (IAC) exostoses are uncommon bony growths.
  • These can lead to significant symptoms like dizziness, hearing loss, and vestibular dysfunction due to cranial nerve compression.

Observation:

  • A 19-year-old female presented with left ear pain, dizziness, and pain with lateral gaze.
  • Diagnostic evaluations revealed left auditory and vestibular hypofunction and IAC compression from an exostosis.

Findings:

  • Surgical resection via suboccipital craniectomy successfully removed the IAC exostosis.
  • The patient experienced complete resolution of her disabling symptoms post-surgery.

Implications:

  • IAC exostoses, though rare, require accurate diagnosis, often aided by thin-cut CT imaging.
  • Surgical intervention is a viable and effective treatment for severe cases, leading to excellent outcomes.