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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize
Published on: September 15, 2023
Advances on Fungal Phytotoxins and Their Role in Grapevine Trunk Diseases
Marco Masi1, Alessio Cimmino1, Pierluigi Reveglia1
1Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy.
Abstract:
Grapevines are produced worldwide with important impact on local economies. Several biotic stresses induce serious diseases of grapevine, which severely affect the quantity and quality of production. One of the most important problems of vineyards worldwide is the high incidence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) induced by fungi belonging to several genera. Environmentally friendly methods for GTD control are being studied. This perspective offers an advanced overview on the fungal phytotoxins involved in GTD and their eventual role in the development of disease symptoms.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods

