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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
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Genome organization at different scales: nature, formation and function.

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DNA in the cell nucleus is spatially organized into territories, compartments, domains, and loops. This spatial folding influences gene regulation and is dynamic, with ongoing research exploring its formation mechanisms in animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The spatial organization of DNA within the nucleus, including chromosome territories, has been recognized for some time.
  • Recent research has detailed chromatin architecture at various scales, such as A/B compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and chromatin loops.
  • These structural features are linked to chromatin marking and gene expression patterns, indicating their role in gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of chromosome organization in animals.
  • To highlight key open questions and future research directions in the field of nuclear architecture.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes findings from a decade of research in chromosome organization.
  • It integrates data from various studies investigating chromatin structure and dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Spatial organization of DNA includes chromosome territories, A/B compartments, TADs, and chromatin loops.
  • These organizational features correlate with gene expression and chromatin marks.
  • The dynamic nature of spatial folding and its formation mechanisms are areas of recent focus.

Conclusions:

  • Chromosome organization is a fundamental aspect of nuclear architecture with significant implications for gene regulation.
  • Understanding the dynamic nature and formation of these structures is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular processes.
  • Key open questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms and functional consequences of chromosome organization in animals.