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A Mesoproterozoic iron formation.

Donald E Canfield1,2, Shuichang Zhang3, Huajian Wang3

  • 1Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, 100083 Beijing, China; dec@biology.sdu.dk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A 1.4-billion-year-old iron formation reveals substantial iron deposition occurred when previously thought absent. Biomarkers indicate anoxygenic photosynthesis drove iron oxidation and efficient iron reduction.

Keywords:
Mesoproterozoicanoxygenic photosynthesisbanded iron formationgreen sulfur bacteriaoxygen

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Paleobiology
  • Sedimentology

Background:

  • Iron formations (IFs) are key to understanding Earth's early iron and oxygen cycles.
  • Paleoproterozoic IFs are well-studied, but the Mesoproterozoic (1,800–800 Ma) is considered a period of IF absence.
  • The North China Craton preserves unique geological records.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate iron deposition and cycling during the Mesoproterozoic.
  • To analyze biomarkers and organic matter maturation in an exceptionally preserved iron formation.
  • To reassess the role of anoxygenic photosynthesis in iron formation genesis.

Main Methods:

  • Geological description and geochemical analysis of the Xiamaling iron formation.
  • Rock Eval pyrolysis for organic matter maturation assessment.
  • Identification of organic biomarkers, including tetramethyl aryl isoprenoid (TMAI).

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a 1.4-billion-year-old iron formation (Xiamaling IF) with at least 520 gigatons of authigenic iron.
  • Identification of TMAI biomarkers, suggesting anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria facilitated iron oxidation.
  • Evidence for efficient iron reduction as a dominant organic matter mineralization pathway, comparable to oxic respiration.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial iron formations formed during the Mesoproterozoic, challenging previous assumptions.
  • Anoxygenic photosynthesis played a significant role in the deposition of this iron formation.
  • The exceptional preservation of the Xiamaling IF provides novel insights into Precambrian iron and carbon cycles.