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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.7K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

88.1K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Ionic Liquid Designed for PEDOT:PSS Conductivity Enhancement.

Ambroise de Izarra1,2, Seongjin Park1, Jinhee Lee1

  • 1Department of Energy Science and Engineering , DGIST , Daegu 42988 , Korea.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids enhance Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductivity by promoting ion exchange and PEDOT domain growth. The most effective ionic liquids facilitate efficient ion exchange and maintain uniform charge carriers for improved conductivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising conducting polymer for flexible electronics.
  • Its conductivity is limited by insulating polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) layers surrounding conductive Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) cores.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown potential to enhance PEDOT:PSS conductivity, but the mechanism remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which ionic liquids enhance PEDOT:PSS conductivity.
  • To establish a design principle for high-performance ionic liquids for PEDOT:PSS applications.
  • To identify new ionic liquid candidates for improved conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) free energy calculations on minimal PEDOT:PSS models.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on larger PEDOT:PSS models in solution.
  • Analysis of ion exchange efficiency, PEDOT morphology, and charge carrier distribution.

Main Results:

  • The most effective ILs are those with the lowest binding energies, facilitating efficient ion exchange.
  • Ion exchange leads to PEDOT decoupling from PSS, forming large-scale conducting PEDOT domains decorated by IL anions.
  • Optimal IL anions maintain uniform charge carrier distribution along the PEDOT backbone, enhancing conductivity.

Conclusions:

  • High-performance ILs must promote efficient ion exchange for improved PEDOT morphology and uniform high-level p-doping for enhanced intrinsic conductivity.
  • A new IL pair with specific electron-withdrawing, bulky, soft, and hydrophobic properties is proposed based on these principles.