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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

Published on: December 7, 2014

Dolutegravir resistance mutations: lessons from monotherapy studies.

José L Blanco¹, Anne-Geneviéve Marcelin^2,3, Christine Katlama^2,4

¹Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|April 11, 2018

Summary

Dolutegravir monotherapy in HIV treatment unexpectedly leads to a high rate of resistance selection in the integrase gene. This finding highlights potential risks associated with simplified antiretroviral regimens.

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Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

Published on: December 7, 2014

Measuring Microbial Mutation Rates with the Fluctuation Assay

Measuring Microbial Mutation Rates with the Fluctuation Assay

Published on: November 28, 2019

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Area of Science:

Virology
Infectious Diseases
Pharmacology

Background:

Dolutegravir (DTG) is a potent integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI) with favorable tolerability and pharmacokinetics.
DTG has shown efficacy in triple therapy and is being explored in less-drug regimens, including monotherapy, for HIV treatment.
Interest in DTG monotherapy is driven by the need to adapt antiretroviral therapy to patient limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the efficacy and resistance data of dolutegravir monotherapy in HIV-infected patients.
To investigate the unexpected development of genotypic resistance during DTG monotherapy.
To assess the clinical implications of resistance selection in the integrase gene.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of preclinical studies, randomized clinical trials, and clinical cohorts.
Inclusion of data from indexed journals and international meetings.
Analysis of efficacy and resistance patterns in patients treated with DTG monotherapy.

Main Results:

Dolutegravir monotherapy is associated with a high rate of resistance selection in the integrase gene.
Resistance can emerge through various pathways following virological failure.
The development of genotypic resistance was an unexpected outcome of DTG monotherapy trials.

Conclusions:

Dolutegravir monotherapy carries a significant risk of rapid resistance selection.
Simplified antiretroviral regimens require careful monitoring for virological failure and resistance.
Further research is needed to understand and mitigate resistance development in DTG-based therapies.