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Related Concept Videos

Second-Order Circuits01:17

Second-Order Circuits

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Integrating two fundamental energy storage elements in electrical circuits results in second-order circuits, encompassing RLC circuits and circuits with dual capacitors or inductors (RC and RL circuits). Second-order circuits are identified by second-order differential equations that link input and output signals.
Input signals typically originate from voltage or current sources, with the output often representing voltage across the capacitor and/or current through the inductor. For example, in...
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First-Order Circuits01:15

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First-order electrical circuits, which comprise resistors and a single energy storage element - either a capacitor or an inductor, are fundamental to many electronic systems. These circuits are governed by a first-order differential equation that describes the relationship between input and output signals.
One common example of a first-order circuit is the RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit. These circuits are used in relaxation oscillators such as neon lamp oscillator circuits. When voltage is...
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The Y-to-Y Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Y Circuit

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In a balanced four-wire wye-to-wye system, the arrangement involves wye-connected sinusoidal voltage sources and loads, connected through a neutral wire that links the neutral nodes of the source and load. The load impedance is connected across each phase of the load. The wye-connected source can be connected to the wye-connected load in four-wire and three-wire arrangements. A three-phase system is considered balanced when the load on each phase is equal, leading to uniform current flow and...
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LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

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An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
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Three-Phase Circuits01:22

Three-Phase Circuits

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AC power distribution systems have three categories: single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. The single-phase circuit, common in residential settings, typically employs a two-wire system connecting a single AC source to various loads. These circuits support standard household appliances operating at 120 volts (V) and 240 V, such as lamps, televisions, and microwaves. The first generators, Niagara Falls hydro plant installed in 1895, were two-phase and designed by Nikola Tesla. The...
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Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
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Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

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Towards circuit optogenetics.

I-Wen Chen1, Eirini Papagiakoumou2, Valentina Emiliani1

  • 1Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, France.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced optogenetics techniques enable precise control of neuronal circuits. New methods like three-dimensional parallel holographic illumination allow for single-cell resolution, advancing neuroscience research and behavior modification.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Optogenetics
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Optogenetics with single-photon wide-field illumination offers broad neuronal network control.
  • Understanding single neuron function and complex neural wiring requires higher precision methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore advanced optogenetic approaches for single-cell precision and millisecond temporal resolution in neuronal circuit manipulation.
  • To detail the development of sophisticated optical methods and novel opsins for enhanced neural control.

Main Methods:

  • Development of flexible two-photon (2P) optogenetic activation methods (scanning and parallel illumination).
  • Engineering of new opsins with tailored spectral and kinetic properties.
  • Implementation of three-dimensional (3D) parallel holographic illumination for targeting neuronal circuits in 3D.
  • Utilizing low-repetition rate amplified laser sources for high peak power stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Advanced optical methods enable precise control over neuronal circuits with single-cell resolution.
  • Three-dimensional parallel holographic illumination is effective for complex 3D neuronal circuit manipulation.
  • New opsins provide flexibility for specific optogenetic applications.
  • Progresses facilitate unprecedented precision and flexibility in optical manipulation of neural circuits.

Conclusions:

  • Sophisticated optogenetic tools, including 3D holographic illumination and engineered opsins, are crucial for dissecting neural circuit function.
  • These advancements pave the way for precise optical manipulation of neuronal circuits, enhancing our understanding of behavior and neural processing.