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Related Concept Videos

Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Detection of Targetable Alterations in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer using Next-generation Sequencing
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Heterogeneity in Lung Cancer.

Vitor Manuel Leitão de Sousa1,2,3,4, Lina Carvalho1,2,3,4

  • 1Institute of Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

Pathobiology : Journal of Immunopathology, Molecular and Cellular Biology
|April 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Lung cancer diagnosis is complex due to significant tumor heterogeneity. Understanding this heterogeneity is crucial for accurate diagnosis, personalized therapy, and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
GeneticsHeterogeneityLung cancerMolecular pathology

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer diagnoses globally.
  • Accurate diagnosis and personalized therapy are hindered by tumor complexity.
  • Tumor heterogeneity presents significant challenges in lung cancer management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of tumor heterogeneity in lung cancer.
  • To discuss the implications of heterogeneity for diagnosis and treatment.
  • To emphasize the need for understanding heterogeneity in carcinogenesis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cellular, histological, and molecular heterogeneity in lung cancer.
  • Analysis of heterogeneity in pre-neoplastic lesions and cell origin.
  • Consideration of temporal heterogeneity (intra- and inter-tumor).

Main Results:

  • Lung cancer exhibits significant heterogeneity at cellular, histological, and molecular levels.
  • Heterogeneity impacts diagnosis, tissue selection for molecular profiling, and therapeutic decisions.
  • Understanding temporal heterogeneity is essential for a comprehensive view.

Conclusions:

  • Tumor heterogeneity is a fundamental characteristic of lung cancer.
  • Addressing heterogeneity is vital for advancing personalized medicine and improving treatment efficacy.
  • Further research into lung cancer heterogeneity is imperative for future clinical developments.