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Related Concept Videos

Real Number Operations01:27

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The concept of real numbers includes all the values that can be represented on a continuous number line. The system began with basic counting values used for enumeration. It later expanded to include values that represent the absence of quantity and opposites of the counting values. When situations required expressing parts of a whole or dividing quantities evenly, values capable of representing such proportions were developed. When written using decimal notation, these values can end or repeat...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging
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Operation Brain Trauma Therapy: 2016 Update.

Patrick M Kochanek1, Helen M Bramlett2, C Edward Dixon3

  • 1Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.

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|April 11, 2018
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Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT) identified levetiracetam as beneficial for traumatic brain injury (TBI) across multiple models. Glibenclamide and amantadine show promise for specific TBI types, guiding future precision medicine trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents complex challenges for effective treatment development.
  • Existing pre-clinical models often fail to predict clinical efficacy, necessitating robust screening platforms.
  • Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT) is a consortium designed to address these limitations through multi-center drug and biomarker screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies across diverse TBI models.
  • To identify potential TBI biomarkers that predict therapeutic response.
  • To guide the selection of therapies for future clinical trials based on pre-clinical data.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of multiple drug candidates (e.g., levetiracetam, glibenclamide, amantadine) in three distinct rat TBI models: parasagittal fluid percussion injury, controlled cortical impact (CCI), and penetrating ballistic-like brain injury.
  • Assessment of therapeutic effects on cognitive outcomes, histology, and protein biomarkers.
  • Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels as a predictive biomarker for treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Levetiracetam demonstrated benefits in cognitive outcomes, histology, and biomarkers across two TBI models.
  • Glibenclamide showed significant improvements in motor function and histology in the CCI model.
  • Amantadine and cyclosporine (CsA) exhibited model-dependent therapeutic effects, highlighting the need for phenotype-specific approaches.
  • Elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were found to predict treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Levetiracetam warrants further pre-clinical and clinical investigation for TBI treatment.
  • Glibenclamide and amantadine show potential for targeted application in specific TBI phenotypes.
  • The OBTT consortium model proves effective in advancing TBI therapy and biomarker discovery, paving the way for precision medicine in TBI care.