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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Long noncoding RNA: multiple players in gene expression.

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), once ignored, are now recognized for regulating gene expression and metabolic balance. Identifying key lncRNAs offers new therapeutic targets for diseases like breast cancer and type II diabetes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were historically dismissed as transcriptional noise.
  • Emerging evidence highlights lncRNAs' crucial roles in diverse biological regulatory processes.
  • These include epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental functions of lncRNAs across different regulatory levels.
  • To explore the involvement of lncRNAs in maintaining metabolic balance.
  • To illustrate the diverse molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs with specific examples.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of lncRNA functions in genetic regulation (epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional).
  • Examination of lncRNA roles in metabolic homeostasis and disease pathology.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs are integral regulators of gene expression at multiple levels.
  • lncRNAs play significant roles in maintaining metabolic equilibrium.
  • Specific lncRNAs exemplify diverse and complex molecular mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive identification of lncRNAs deepens understanding of diseases like breast cancer and type II diabetes.
  • lncRNAs represent promising novel therapeutic targets for various human diseases.
  • Further investigation into lncRNA functions is critical for advancing medical treatments.