Analysis of Multichannel EEG Patterns During Human Sleep: A Novel Approach

Classic visual sleep stage scoring is based on electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency band analysis of 30 s epochs and is commonly performed by highly trained medical sleep specialists using additional information from submental EMG and eye movements electrooculogram (EOG). In this study, we provide the proof-of-principle in 40 subjects that sleep stages can be consistently differentiated solely on the basis of spatial 3-channel EEG patterns based on root-mean-square (RMS) amplitudes. The polysomnographic 3-channel EEG data are pre-processed by RMS averaging over intervals of 30 s leading to spatial cortical activity patterns represented by 3-dimensional vectors. These patterns are visualized using multidimensional scaling (MDS), allowing a comparison of the spatial cortical activity patterns with the conventional visual sleep scoring system according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Spatial cortical activity patterns based on RMS amplitudes naturally divide into different clusters that correspond to visually scored sleep stages. Furthermore, these clusters are reproducible between different subjects. Especially the cluster associated with the REM sleep stage seems to be very different from the one associated with the wake state. This study provides a proof-of-principle that it is possible to separate sleep stages solely by analyzing spatially distributed EEG RMS amplitudes reflecting cortical activity and without classical EEG feature extractions like power spectrum analysis.