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Updated: Feb 12, 2026
08:39
Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
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[Advanced bladder cancer : From chemo- to immunotherapy]
1Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland. t.horn@tum.de.
Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|April 12, 2018
Summary
Protein cell death (PD)-1 inhibitors show survival benefits in metastatic urothelial carcinoma, potentially becoming a new standard of care. Further trials are investigating their use in first-line treatment, alone or combined with chemotherapy.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunotherapy
- Urothelial Carcinoma Research
Background:
- Metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment has relied on conventional chemotherapy.
- Emerging research focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
- To assess their potential as a new standard of care in second-line treatment.
- To discuss ongoing trials for first-line treatment.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of published phase III clinical trial results for pembrolizumab.
- Review of a similar trial for atezolizumab.
- Inclusion of data from large phase I/II trials for other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
Main Results:
- Pembrolizumab demonstrated an overall survival benefit compared to chemotherapy in second-line treatment.
- Atezolizumab did not show significant benefit over chemotherapy in PD-L1-positive patients.
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are poised to become the new standard for second-line treatment.
Conclusions:
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represent a significant advancement in metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment.
- Ongoing phase III trials will clarify their role in first-line therapy, as monotherapy or combination treatments.
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