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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
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New Measurements of the Deuteron-to-Proton F_{2} Structure-Function Ratio.

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Pembrolizumab plus enzalutamide versus placebo plus enzalutamide for chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-641 study.

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Pembrolizumab plus enzalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy versus placebo plus enzalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: the randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-991 study.

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Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
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[Advanced bladder cancer : From chemo- to immunotherapy].

T Horn1, S Krege2, M Retz3

  • 1Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland. t.horn@tum.de.

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
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PubMed
Summary

Protein cell death (PD)-1 inhibitors show survival benefits in metastatic urothelial carcinoma, potentially becoming a new standard of care. Further trials are investigating their use in first-line treatment, alone or combined with chemotherapy.

Keywords:
AntibodiesAtezolizumabCisplatinCombination therapyPembrolizumab

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Urothelial Carcinoma Research

Background:

  • Metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment has relied on conventional chemotherapy.
  • Emerging research focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
  • To assess their potential as a new standard of care in second-line treatment.
  • To discuss ongoing trials for first-line treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of published phase III clinical trial results for pembrolizumab.
  • Review of a similar trial for atezolizumab.
  • Inclusion of data from large phase I/II trials for other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Pembrolizumab demonstrated an overall survival benefit compared to chemotherapy in second-line treatment.
  • Atezolizumab did not show significant benefit over chemotherapy in PD-L1-positive patients.
  • PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are poised to become the new standard for second-line treatment.

Conclusions:

  • PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represent a significant advancement in metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment.
  • Ongoing phase III trials will clarify their role in first-line therapy, as monotherapy or combination treatments.