Instrument Calibration
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrument Transformers
Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments
Propagation of Waves
Lumber Defects
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Cardiac Microphysiological System for Studying Ca2+ Propagation via Non-genetic Optical Stimulation
Published on: March 21, 2025
I Barbosa1, F Ferreira1, P Scelza1
1Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments showed increased defects and wear after use, with WaveOne Primary instruments exhibiting more surface alterations than Reciproc R25. Three-dimensional optical profilometry accurately assessed these changes in NiTi instruments.
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