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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Cardiac Microphysiological System for Studying Ca2+ Propagation via Non-genetic Optical Stimulation
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Defect propagation in NiTi rotary instruments: a noncontact optical profilometry analysis.

I Barbosa1, F Ferreira1, P Scelza1

  • 1Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.

International Endodontic Journal
|April 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments showed increased defects and wear after use, with WaveOne Primary instruments exhibiting more surface alterations than Reciproc R25. Three-dimensional optical profilometry accurately assessed these changes in NiTi instruments.

Keywords:
NiTi instrumentsendodonticsprofilometrysurface defects

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments are widely used in endodontics.
  • Understanding instrument wear and defect formation is crucial for clinical safety and efficacy.
  • Noncontact, three-dimensional optical profilometry offers a potential method for detailed surface analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate defects and surface changes in NiTi instruments using 3D optical profilometry.
  • To compare defect propagation in Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Primary systems.
  • To assess the accuracy and reliability of 3D optical profilometry for NiTi instrument analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Two NiTi systems (Reciproc R25, WaveOne Primary) were analyzed before and after two instrumentation cycles.
  • Surface areas (211 × 211 μm) 3 mm from the tips were examined using 3D optical profilometry.
  • Quantitative analysis employed Sa, Sq, and Sz roughness parameters; statistical analysis was performed.

Main Results:

  • Significant wear increase (P=0.007) observed in both groups, particularly between baseline and second cycle.
  • WaveOne instruments showed significantly higher wear (Sz median values: 33.68 μm vs. 2.89 μm for Reciproc).
  • Surface roughness (Sa, Sq) significantly increased (P=0.016, P=0.008) from first to second cycle, predominantly in WaveOne specimens; more defects noted qualitatively.

Conclusions:

  • WaveOne Primary instruments exhibited more defects than Reciproc R25 instruments.
  • Three-dimensional optical profilometry proved to be an accurate, repeatable, and reproducible method for assessing NiTi instruments.