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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Tunable Hydrogels from Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix for 3D Cell Culture
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Polysaccharide-based hydrogels with tunable composition as 3D cell culture systems.

Roberta Gentilini1,2, Fabiola Munarin1, Nora Bloise3

  • 11 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.

The International Journal of Artificial Organs
|April 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed tunable pectin hydrogels for cell culture, improving cell viability and mimicking the in vivo environment. These versatile systems show promise for tissue engineering and studying complex cellular behaviors.

Keywords:
Cell microenvironmentInjectable hydrogelsPectinSynthetic ECMTissue models

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Current cell culture methods (2D polystyrene, uncontrolled 3D systems) lack in vivo-like chemical control, soft environments, and stimuli for complex cell behavior.
  • Pectin-based hydrogels are proposed as advanced cell culture systems with tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize pectin-based hydrogels for cell culture applications.
  • To investigate the impact of hydrogel composition and additives on viscoelastic properties and cell viability.

Main Methods:

  • Pectin hydrogels were synthesized via internal crosslinking with calcium carbonate at varying pH.
  • Glucose and glutamine were incorporated as additives to assess their effects.
  • Viscoelastic properties and cell viability were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Pectin hydrogels exhibited high cell viability and shear-thinning behavior.
  • The addition of glucose and glutamine significantly enhanced cell viability (90%-98%) within 1 hour.
  • Hydrogels supported cell cultures for up to 7 days without altering viscoelastic properties.

Conclusions:

  • Tunable pectin-based hydrogels were successfully developed as synthetic extracellular matrices (ECM).
  • These hydrogels can facilitate the study of complex cellular behaviors.
  • They hold potential as substitutes in tissue engineering applications.