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Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

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Published on: July 29, 2020

Smart City Pilot Projects Using LoRa and IEEE802.15.4 Technologies.

Gianni Pasolini¹, Chiara Buratti², Luca Feltrin³

¹DEI, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy. gianni.pasolini@unibo.it.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 13, 2018

Summary

Smart city initiatives leverage Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This study presents two Italian testbeds—one for smart lighting using IEEE 802.15.4 and another for smart buildings with LoRa—demonstrating varied technology needs.

Keywords:

IEEE 802.15.4 Internet of Things LoRa measurements smart city testbed

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Urban Planning

Background:

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are crucial for developing smart cities.
Different urban applications may necessitate diverse technological solutions and network architectures for effective IoT implementation.
Smart city development requires careful consideration of technology choices for public utilities and services.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the need for varied technologies in smart city applications.
To present and analyze two distinct smart city testbeds in Italy.
To evaluate the performance and economic viability of different IoT communication technologies in urban settings.

Main Methods:

Development and deployment of two smart city testbeds in Italy.
Implementation of a smart public lighting infrastructure using IEEE 802.15.4 short-range communication.
Deployment of a smart building application testbed utilizing LoRa low-rate, long-range communication technology.
Conducting measurement campaigns and simulations for the LoRa smart building testbed.

Main Results:

The smart lighting testbed demonstrates the technical details and economic benefits of a large-scale, modular public lighting system.
The LoRa smart building testbed's coverage and performance were assessed in a real urban environment through measurements and simulations.
Optimizing parameter settings is essential for achieving wide urban coverage with LoRa while minimizing airtime and packet loss.

Conclusions:

Smart city solutions require tailored technological approaches, as evidenced by the distinct requirements of smart lighting and smart building applications.
Heterogeneous networks and diverse communication technologies like IEEE 802.15.4 and LoRa are vital for addressing varied smart city needs.
Effective deployment of IoT in urban areas necessitates careful configuration of communication parameters to balance coverage, performance, and reliability.