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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation
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Novel Nanoparticulate and Ionic Titanium Antigens for Hypersensitivity Testing.

Paul Johan Høl1,2, Einar K Kristoffersen3,4, Nils Roar Gjerdet5

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. paul.hol@uib.no.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed ionic and nanoparticulate titanium antigens to test for titanium hypersensitivity. The ionic form induced a general inflammatory response and T-cell proliferation in vitro, showing potential for predictive testing.

Keywords:
adverse effects of nanomaterials on immune systemallergycytokineflow cytometryhypersensitivityimplantlymphoproliferationmultiplex bead assaytitanium

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Titanium is widely used in medical devices and consumer products.
  • Adverse biological reactions to titanium necessitate monitoring and prevention strategies.
  • A lack of reliable agents for testing titanium hypersensitivity exists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop bioavailable ionic and nanoparticulate titanium substances as antigens.
  • To assess the potential of these titanium antigens for in vitro hypersensitivity testing.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 subjects were stimulated with titanium antigens.
  • Cytokine and chemokine secretion was measured using a multiplex bead assay.
  • Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed via CD69 and HLA-DR expression using flow cytometry.

Main Results:

  • Both titanium antigens increased monocyte/macrophage cytokine production, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.
  • Ionic titanium (Ti) induced significant proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells after seven days.
  • Titanium dioxide nanoparticles primarily induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed titanium antigens, particularly the ionic form, induce an in vitro inflammatory response.
  • These findings suggest potential for predictive hypersensitivity testing using these experimental titanium antigens.
  • Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate their predictive capabilities.