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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Crosslinked Polymer Ionic Liquid/Ionic Liquid Blends Prepared by Photopolymerization as Solid-State Electrolytes in

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Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

This study developed a solid-state electrolyte using polymer ionic liquid (PIL) and ionic liquid (IL) mixtures for carbon nanoparticle supercapacitors. The novel electrolyte enhances energy and power density for advanced energy storage applications.

Keywords:
ionic liquidphotopolymerizationpolymer ionic liquidsolid electrolytesupercapacitor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for advanced energy storage devices like supercapacitors.
  • Polymer ionic liquids (PILs) and ionic liquids (ILs) offer promising properties for electrolyte applications.
  • Developing stable and high-performance solid electrolytes remains a key challenge in supercapacitor technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrochemical performance of binary mixtures of polymer ionic liquid (PIL) and its corresponding ionic liquid (IL) as solid-state electrolytes.
  • To evaluate these solid electrolytes in carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-based symmetric supercapacitors.
  • To compare the performance of electrolytes based on different anion compositions (Br⁻ and TFSI⁻).

Main Methods:

  • A photopolymerization method was employed to synthesize polymer ionic liquid (PIL) matrices.
  • Binary mixtures of PILs and their corresponding ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared.
  • The electrochemical characteristics of these mixtures as solid electrolytes in carbon nanoparticle (CNP)-based symmetric supercapacitors were systematically investigated.

Main Results:

  • Supercapacitors utilizing (PIL-M-(Br)) and (PIL-M-(TFSI)) solid electrolytes achieved specific capacitances of 87 F·g⁻¹ and 58 F·g⁻¹, respectively.
  • Maximum power densities of 40 kW·kg⁻¹ for (PIL-M-(Br)) and 48 kW·kg⁻¹ for (PIL-M-(TFSI)) were recorded.
  • Energy densities reached 107 Wh·kg⁻¹ for (PIL-M-(Br)) and 59.9 Wh·kg⁻¹ for (PIL-M-(TFSI)).

Conclusions:

  • The developed PIL-IL binary mixtures serve as effective solid-state electrolytes for carbon nanoparticle supercapacitors.
  • The choice of anion (Br⁻ vs. TFSI⁻) significantly influences the electrochemical performance, with (PIL-M-(Br)) showing higher capacitance and energy density.
  • These findings highlight the potential of PIL-IL composites for high-performance energy storage solutions.