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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Retrieval practice, such as testing, is known to enhance long-term retention of learned material.
  • However, its effectiveness in facilitating the application of learned information to solve novel, analogous problems is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether retrieval practice enhances the application of previously learned information to solve analogous problems.
  • To determine if the specificity of retrieval practice influences its impact on memory and problem-solving.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving retrieval practice, copying, and rereading of information.
  • Experiment 1: Retrieval practice not limited to problem-relevant information.
  • Experiment 2: Retrieval practice focused exclusively on problem-relevant information.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval practice improved memory for information compared to control conditions.
  • When retrieval practice was broad (Experiment 1), it did not improve problem-solving application.
  • When retrieval practice was focused (Experiment 2), it enhanced memory, identification of schematic similarities, and problem-solving application after a hint.

Conclusions:

  • Retrieval practice can facilitate the application of information to solve novel problems, primarily through enhanced memory.
  • The specificity of retrieval practice is crucial; focusing on relevant information optimizes its benefits for problem-solving.
  • Retrieval practice has limited effects on the spontaneous recognition of information relevance for problem-solving.