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Placental Defects: An Epigenetic Perspective.

Sharvari S Deshpande1, Nafisa H Balasinor1

  • 11 Department of Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India.

Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
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Summary

Epigenetic factors like DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs are crucial for placental development. Aberrant epigenetic marks are linked to placental defects, impacting fetal growth and long-term health.

Keywords:
environmentepigeneticsgenomic imprintingpathophysiologiesplacenta

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • The placenta is the first organ formed during gestation, vital for fetal growth and development.
  • It performs critical functions including nutrient/waste exchange, immune protection, and metabolic/endocrine roles.
  • Genomic imprinting and epigenetic regulation are key processes in placentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review placenta-related pathophysiologies and their association with epigenetic factors.
  • To highlight the role of aberrant epigenetic factors in placental defects.
  • To provide insights for researchers studying placentation and epigenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on epigenetics and placental defects.
  • Analysis of studies using candidate and genome-wide high-throughput approaches.
  • Inclusion of findings from human, animal, and in vitro models.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, are associated with placental defects.
  • Gain or loss of imprints in the placenta can lead to severe defects affecting mother and fetus.
  • These defects can have long-term health consequences into adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation is a significant factor in placental pathologies.
  • Understanding these epigenetic links can inform strategies for preventing placental defects.
  • Further research into placentation and epigenetics is essential for maternal and fetal health.