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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR

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Hidden Peptides Encoded by Putative Noncoding RNAs.

Akinobu Matsumoto1, Keiichi I Nakayama1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University.

Cell Structure and Function
|April 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Recent findings show that some noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) can be translated into small, biologically relevant peptides. This review summarizes the production and functions of these peptide products from ncRNAs.

Keywords:
circular RNA (circRNA)long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)peptideprimary miRNA (pri-miRNA)translation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) were traditionally defined as RNA molecules that do not encode proteins.
  • Emerging evidence indicates that certain ncRNAs can be translated into small polypeptides, typically under 100 amino acids.
  • These small peptides, despite their size, play crucial roles in various cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the recent discoveries concerning the translation of ncRNAs.
  • To summarize the production mechanisms of peptides derived from ncRNAs.
  • To elucidate the biological functions of these ncRNA-encoded peptides.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on ncRNA translation.
  • Analysis of identified ncRNA sequences with translation potential.
  • Compilation of functional data for ncRNA-derived peptides.

Main Results:

  • Several classes of ncRNAs, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs), have been identified as sources of translated peptides.
  • These peptides exhibit diverse biological activities essential for cellular processes.
  • The translation of these ncRNAs challenges the classical definition of noncoding RNA.

Conclusions:

  • The paradigm of noncoding RNAs is expanding to include their capacity for protein production.
  • ncRNA-derived peptides represent a novel class of biologically significant molecules.
  • Further research into ncRNA translation will uncover new regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets.