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A retrospective study: Does cigarette smoking induce cervical disc degeneration?

Zhaoxiong Chen1, Xinhua Li1, Fumin Pan2

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Cigarette smoking accelerates cervical disc degeneration and intensifies neck-shoulder pain. The impact is more pronounced in lower cervical discs, affecting active smokers (AS) and passive smokers (PS) more than never-smokers (NS).

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Cervical disc degenerationCervical spondylosisNeck and shoulder painSmoking

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Area of Science:

  • Spine Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cervical disc degeneration is a significant cause of neck-shoulder pain.
  • The role of cigarette smoking in this process requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between cigarette smoking (active and passive) and cervical disc degeneration.
  • To evaluate the correlation between smoking status, disc degeneration severity, and neck-shoulder pain.

Main Methods:

  • 320 patients with neck-shoulder pain were categorized into active smokers (AS), passive smokers (PS), and never-smokers (NS).
  • Cervical MRI analyzed disc degeneration using Miyazaki's classification.
  • Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores assessed pain intensity.

Main Results:

  • Never-smokers (NS) exhibited significantly better Miyazaki scores compared to active smokers (AS) and passive smokers (PS), particularly in lower cervical segments.
  • Active smokers (AS) and passive smokers (PS) showed a higher prevalence of severe disc degeneration (Miyazaki grades IV-V) in lower cervical segments (C4/5-C5/6).
  • Active smokers (AS) reported higher VAS pain scores than never-smokers (NS).

Conclusions:

  • Cigarette smoking accelerates cervical disc degeneration.
  • Smoking exacerbates neck-shoulder pain, with a greater impact on lower cervical discs.
  • Both active and passive smoking contribute to increased disc degeneration severity.