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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Composite Bodies00:55

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Composition of Body Fluids01:29

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Water functions as a solvent accommodating various solutes, which can be categorized under electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Non-electrolytes are usually held together by covalent bonds, restricting them from dissociating in solution, thereby leading to a lack of electrically charged components upon dissolving in water. They are predominantly organic molecules, such as glucose, creatinine, and urea. Electrolytes, on the other hand, are compounds that can break down into ions in water.
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Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas01:20

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Composite areas are structures with multiple basic shapes connected in some way. These shapes usually include rectangles, triangles, circles, and other basic shapes that are connected in such a way as to form a single structure. Calculating the second moment of area for a composite area is essential when trying to understand the structure's overall stiffness.
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Composition of Blood Plasma

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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Synthesis of Graphene-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Potential Use in Bone Tissue Engineering
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Polyurethane/nano-hydroxyapatite composite films as osteogenic platforms.

Bailey K Jackson1, Austin J Bow2, Ganesh Kannarpady1

  • 1a Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences , University of Arkansas at Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA.

Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition
|April 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Polyurethane and nano-hydroxyapatite composites show promise for bone regeneration. The 80/20 composite enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and potential osteogenic differentiation in vitro.

Keywords:
Polyurethanehydroxyapatiteosteogenesistissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biocompatible Materials

Background:

  • Biomaterials are crucial for tissue engineering, enabling the growth of functional tissues like bone.
  • Polymeric scaffolds can be improved with bioactive materials for enhanced bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical, mechanical, and cellular properties of polyurethane (PU) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) composites.
  • To determine the optimal PU-nHA ratio for bone tissue engineering applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized PU-nHA composites at various ratios (100/0 to 60/40 w/w).
  • Characterized composites using X-ray diffraction, XPS, TGA, AFM, nano-indentation, and contact angle measurements.
  • Assessed in vitro cellular compatibility and behavior of MC 3T3-E1 cells on the composites.

Main Results:

  • Increased nHA concentration above 20% significantly enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity.
  • All composites demonstrated cytocompatibility.
  • The 80/20 and 70/30 composites showed increased cell proliferation, while 90/10 and 80/20 composites exhibited hallmarks of osteogenic differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • The 80/20 PU-nHA composite is an optimal material for promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and potentially osteogenic differentiation in vitro.
  • Surface properties, particularly hydrophilicity and roughness, significantly influence cellular response.
  • These findings support the potential of tailored PU-nHA composites in bone regeneration strategies.