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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

197.0K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Gene expression links functional networks across cortex and striatum.

Kevin M Anderson1, Fenna M Krienen2, Eun Young Choi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.

Nature Communications
|April 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Brain gene expression patterns map to functional networks, revealing distinct genetic signatures for limbic and somato/motor cortico-striatal circuits. These findings offer insights into brain organization and psychiatric illness.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The human brain exhibits complex functional networks connecting distinct anatomical regions.
  • Biological mechanisms underlying brain network organization, especially across diverse cortical and subcortical areas, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between spatial gene expression patterns and functional brain networks.
  • To identify molecular mechanisms underlying cortico-striatal circuitry in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human and primate brain transcriptional atlases.
  • Analyzed spatial patterns of gene expression in relation to functional networks.
  • Examined evolutionary conservation of network-associated gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Spatial gene expression strongly corresponds with limbic and somato/motor cortico-striatal functional networks.
  • Network-associated gene expression is consistent across human datasets and conserved in primates.
  • Identified distinct genetic signatures for limbic (psychiatric illness risk, chloride channels, somatostatin neurons) and somato/motor (oligodendrocytes, parvalbumin neurons) networks.

Conclusions:

  • Parallel cortico-striatal processing channels have dissociable genetic signatures that mirror functional networks.
  • Molecular mechanisms supporting cortico-striatal circuitry in health and disease have been nominated.