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Related Concept Videos

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
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When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge, it acquires kinetic energy. This process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational field as if the charge were going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, although, of course, the sources of the forces are very different. The electrostatic or Coulomb force acting on the positive test charge is conservative, which means that the work done on a test charge is...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
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High-resolution local field potentials measured with deep brain stimulation arrays.

Simeng Zhang1, Allison T Connolly1, Lauren R Madden2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.

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|April 14, 2018
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Directional deep brain stimulation (DBS) arrays reveal spatial patterns in brain oscillations, unlike conventional electrodes. This finding is crucial for developing advanced closed-loop DBS therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Local field potential (LFP) recordings guide deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy adjustments.
  • Current DBS leads may not capture the full spatial extent of neural activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate LFP activity spatial features in the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus.
  • Compare LFP recordings from directional DBS arrays versus conventional configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Used 32-channel directional DBS arrays in non-human primates (subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus).
  • Recorded LFP during rest and motor tasks in naïve and parkinsonian states.
  • Compared individual electrode pairs with grouped configurations mimicking clinical macroelectrodes.

Main Results:

  • Identified spatial 'fingerprints' of beta oscillations in targeted brain regions.
  • Observed that grouping electrodes muted these oscillatory signals, similar to clinical macroelectrodes.
  • Found that oscillatory maps varied with parkinsonian condition and task engagement.

Conclusions:

  • Directional DBS arrays offer more detailed spatial LFP information than conventional leads.
  • Future closed-loop DBS systems could benefit from arrays with electrode dimensions matching neural oscillatory sources and sinks.