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Related Concept Videos

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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High-Throughput Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence and Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Using a Photonic Chip
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On-chip multicomponent system made with an InGaN directional coupler.

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    This study demonstrates an on-chip multicomponent system for visible light communication. The integrated system achieves high-speed data transmission, enabling new applications in on-chip monitoring and communication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Integrated Photonics

    Background:

    • On-chip communication is crucial for advanced computing and sensing.
    • III-nitride-on-silicon platforms offer unique optoelectronic properties.
    • Integrating multiple optical components on a single chip presents significant challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an integrated on-chip multicomponent system for in-plane light communication.
    • To leverage III-nitride-on-silicon technology for efficient optical data transmission.
    • To demonstrate high-speed data transfer capabilities on a single chip.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a transmitter, InGaN waveguide, directional coupler, and receivers on a single chip.
    • Utilizing identical InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) diode structures for transmitter and receiver.
    • Employing a SiO2 isolation layer to reduce p-n junction capacitance and enhance modulation rate.

    Main Results:

    • Successful integration of transmitter, waveguide, coupler, and receivers on a III-nitride-on-silicon platform.
    • Demonstration of in-plane data transmission at 80 Mbps.
    • Achieved spatial light communication at 100 Mbps.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed on-chip multicomponent system enables efficient in-plane light communication.
    • The system's performance paves the way for applications in on-chip power monitoring and visible light communication.
    • The III-nitride-on-silicon platform is suitable for high-speed integrated optoelectronic systems.