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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

4.5K
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

2.1K
Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

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Atomic Force Microscopy Based Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Biology.

Lizhen Gao1, Huiling Zhao2, Tianfeng Li3

  • 1Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China. gaolizhen@henu.edu.cn.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) overcomes optical limitations for nanoscale biological imaging. Atomic force microscopy-TERS (AFM-TERS) enables high-resolution chemical analysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens in native conditions.

Keywords:
atomic force microscopy based TERS (AFM-TERS)nucleic acidsoptical diffraction limitationpathogensproteins

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Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope
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Author Spotlight: Tracking Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy
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Author Spotlight: Tracking Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Spectroscopy
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Conventional optical techniques are limited by diffraction at the nanoscale, hindering the study of biological phenomena.
  • Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) offers high-resolution topographic and chemical information beyond the diffraction limit.
  • TERS systems include AFM-TERS, STM-TERS, and SFM-TERS, with AFM-TERS suitable for live biosamples in liquid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the applications of AFM-TERS in biological systems.
  • To highlight AFM-TERS' capability in characterizing biomolecular structure and nano-chemical information.
  • To demonstrate the potential of AFM-TERS for investigating biological molecules under native conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on Atomic Force Microscopy-based Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (AFM-TERS).
  • Review applications in nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens.
  • Discuss TERS characterization and data analysis techniques.

Main Results:

  • AFM-TERS provides high-resolution topographic and chemical characterization of biological samples.
  • It enables the detection of nano-chemical information beyond the optical diffraction limit.
  • AFM-TERS allows for the investigation of biological molecules in their native liquid environment.

Conclusions:

  • AFM-TERS is a powerful technique for visualizing biomolecular structures at the nanoscale.
  • It offers crucial nano-chemical insights into biological systems.
  • AFM-TERS has significant potential for advancing biological research and diagnostics.