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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
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Rate Law and Reaction Order02:33

Rate Law and Reaction Order

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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
rate = k[A]m[B]n
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The Arrhenius equation,
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Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions01:22

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A variety of factors influence the rate of chemical reactions. For a chemical reaction to happen, atoms must collide with enough energy to overcome the repulsion between their electrons. This energy is called activation energy. Factors influencing the rate of reaction either lower the activation energy or increase the likelihood of a successful collision.
Concentration and Pressure:
The more particles present within a given space, the more likely those particles are to bump into one another....
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Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors
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Improved Method for Estimating Reaction Rates During Push-Pull Tests.

Charles J Paradis1,2, Emma R Dixon3, Lauren M Lui4

  • 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

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|April 16, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method improves solute reaction rate estimation in push-pull tests by accurately adjusting breakthrough curves for fluid dilution. This approach overcomes limitations of conventional methods, providing more reliable reactivity assessments in groundwater studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Single-well push-pull tests are used to study solute transport and reactions in aquifers.
  • Conventional methods for analyzing breakthrough curves assume equal solute concentration ratios, which can lead to inaccuracies.
  • Inaccurate breakthrough curves can result in erroneous conclusions about solute reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new theoretical method for generating dilution-adjusted breakthrough curves.
  • To account for varying concentrations of nonreactive and reactive solutes in injection and aquifer fluids.
  • To improve the accuracy of reaction rate estimations from push-pull tests.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical development of a novel dilution-adjusted breakthrough curve method.
  • Application of the new method to a field-based dataset.
  • Comparison of results with conventional dilution-adjusted methods.

Main Results:

  • The new method accurately generates dilution-adjusted breakthrough curves.
  • The improved method accounts for any combination of solute concentrations.
  • Field data analysis demonstrated the enhanced accuracy of the new approach.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a simple and robust way to analyze push-pull test data.
  • It eliminates the need for assumptions about initial solute concentrations.
  • This facilitates more accurate estimation of solute reaction rates in various hydrogeological settings.