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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Imaging of Estrogen Receptor-α in Rat Pial Arterioles using a Digital Immunofluorescent Microscope
Published on: November 29, 2011
[Gene polymorphisms of estrogen receptor α correlated with hypospadias in children]
Zhi-Hui Zhang1, Shu-Hui Wang2, Ji-Xiang Bai3
1Department of Urology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, China.
Objective:
To investigate the association of the polymorphisms of the gene of estrogen receptor α 1 (ESR1) with the risk of hypospadias in children of Northeast China.
Methods:
This study included 95 hypospadias patients aged 3.2±0.6 years and 105 children aged 3.1±0.7 years as normal controls. Using PCR and gene sequencing, we determined the genotypes of the polymorphisms of ESR1 rs2077647 and rs6932902 in the two groups of subjects.
Results:
The results of PCR and gene sequencing showed statistically significant differences in the genotype and allele frequency distribution of the polymorphisms rs2077647 (χ2 = 8.552) and rs6932902 (χ2 = 16.251) (P<0.05) in the hypospadias and control groups. The hypospadias patients, in comparison with the normal controls, exhibited a markedly higher frequency of the SNP C allele in rs2077647 (OR = 1.410 [1.130-1.759], P<0.05), but a remarkably lower frequency of the SNP G allele in rs6932902 (OR = 2.263 [1.503-3.408], P<0.01).
Conclusions:
The rs2077647 and rs6932902 polymorphisms of the ESR1 gene are associated with the risk of hypospadias, and so is its haplotype in children in Northeast China.
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