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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health Policy
  • Dietary Guidelines

Background:

  • Dietary habits globally include eating occasions between main meals, commonly termed 'snacking'.
  • A lack of scientific consensus exists regarding the definition of a 'snack' or 'snacking' occasion.
  • Food-based dietary guidelines frequently address snacking habits and food choices, impacting public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of global recommendations concerning snacks and snacking.
  • To identify and analyze snacking advice from national and international food-based dietary guidelines.
  • To highlight the variation in recommendations and stimulate discussion for a unified definition of snacking.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of 207 countries and organizations for references to snacks, snack foods, or snacking.
  • Identification and categorization of 136 specific snacking recommendations from 49 countries and 7 organizations.
  • Analysis of the nature of recommendations, focusing on food quality, frequency, energy, and nutrient composition.

Main Results:

  • 49 countries and 7 regional/global organizations provided snacking recommendations.
  • Recommendations varied significantly, addressing snack food quality, frequency, and nutritional content.
  • Guidelines mentioned specific foods (e.g., apples) and food categories (e.g., fruit), with less frequent rationales provided.

Conclusions:

  • Global dietary guidelines offer diverse advice on snacking, lacking a standardized definition.
  • The identified variations in recommendations highlight the need for scientific consensus on snacking.
  • An agreed-upon definition of snacks and snacking could enhance consumer adherence to healthful diets.