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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Published on: May 16, 2025
Recent developments in biologic therapies for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Pedro L Carreira1, David A Isenberg2
1Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine 7.2 Department, Hospital Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract:
SLE has a complex pathogenesis, and multiple therapeutic targets have been discovered in recent years. In spite of belimumab being approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the widespread use of rituximab, there have been many failed attempts to treat SLE successfully using biologic agents. In this review, we consider newer biologic approaches that might offer the hope of improving the outcome of SLE patients. These include the fully humanized anti-CD20 mAbs, PEGylated anti-CD40L, IFNα inhibitors, rigerimod and immune complexes blockade.
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