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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Grown from Explants
Published on: March 26, 2010
DNA damaging and apoptotic potentials of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S in human bronchial epithelial cells
Vazhappilly Cijo George1, H P Vasantha Rupasinghe2
1Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Abstract:
DNA damage caused by environmental agents often lead to many chronic diseases, including cancer. The present study aimed to understand the relative toxicity possessed by Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol S (BPS) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The cells were exposed to either BPA or BPS and evaluated for its cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation, phosphorylated histone protein (γ-H2AX) and DNA tail damage levels. Further, we also studied DNA damage response (DDR) and caspase-3 mechanisms, to evaluate its mechanism of cell death processes. Exposure with 200 μM of BPA, significantly (p < 0.05) induces caspase-3-mediated cell death by inducing cytotoxicity, ROS, and DNA fragmentation. Higher levels of γ-H2AX and DNA tail damage indicated BPA's DNA damaging potential through an ATM/ATR/Chk1/p53-dependent pathway in BEAS-2B cells. Overall, in vitro data exhibited moderate toxicity for BPS in comparison with BPA suggesting the need for a thorough clinical investigation over its safety profile.
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